Global Warming - So What?
A Library about Climate Change
Cost, Wars, Migrate+
Below are files - articles - about more impacts. They are arranged in 5 major groups: Broad Impacts, Costs, Conflicts & Violence, Refugees & Disasters, Deaths.
Month and year follow each article's name. PDF files are so marked, after month and date, some with authors noted. Within sections, more recent files appear above older files.
Diagrams are generally immediately below the summary articles from which they were taken.
GO TO .Costs 1. .2. .Conflcts: Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Refugees+. .Deaths.
Broad Impacts
New Map Details How Climate Change Threatens Your Neighborhood 1023
Hot & Humid Extreme Heat Is Weakening Entire Marine ecosystems in Florida, Not Just Coral 0923
Earth Exceeds Its ‘Safe Operating Space for Humanity’ in 6 of 9 Key Ways 0923
Climate Change 'Dystopian Future Already Here' - UN Rights Chief 0923
‘Off-the-Charts Records’ - Heat at High End of Projections, Impacts Worse 0823
As Warming Boosts Extreme Weather, ‘Everything We Care about Is on the Line’ 0823
Extreme August Arrives with a Warning - Expect More 0823
Potentially Fatal Combinations of Humidity and Heat Emerging across the Globe 0520
Rising Temperatures Are Wreaking Havoc Year-Round 0823
‘The Extreme Events Scare Me the Most’, Italy Is Vulnerable to Climate Crisis 0823
The World Just Got Its 1st Real Taste of what Life Is Like at 1.5°C 0823
It’s the Summer of Changed Climate. Get Used to It. 0723
Vacations as We’ve Know Them Are Over 0723
June Extremes Suggest Parts of the Climate System Are Reaching Tipping Points 0723
Midwest States, Climate Havens Maybe, Suffer Summer of Smoke, Drought, Heat 0723
Humans Approaching Limits of ‘Survivability’, as Heat Waves Engulf Parts of Asia 0623 - Foucus on India, also southeast Asia
Climate Set to Push 1/3 of Humanity Out of Its Most Livable Environment 0623
Humans Have Blown Past Key Limits for Earth’s Stability, Scientists Say 0523
Climate Change is Bad for Everyone. Where It's Expected to Be Worst in the US. 0523
EPA Report Details the Ways Climate Change Endangers Children 0423
The Oceans Are the Hottest on Record. Here Are 6 Things to Watch for. 0423
Humanity at the Climate Crossroads - Highway to Hell or a Livable Future? 0323
The World Is on the Brink of Catastrophic Warming - IPCC 0323
The Business Case for Reversing Extinction 0323
16 China Provinces and Florida among World’s Most Climate-Vulnerable Regions 0223
Nearly 30 Dangerous Feedback Loops Could Permanently Shift Earth’s Climate 0223
Why 2° of Global Warming Is Worse than It Sounds 0223
Extreme Weather Spread in 2022, with $270 Billion in Losses, $120 Billion Insured 0123
The Toll That Extreme Weather Took in the U.S. during 2022, by the Numbers 1222
90% of US Counties Hit with Disaster in Last Decade 1122
World Close to ‘Irreversible’ Climate Breakdown, Warn Major Studies 1022
Not as Catastrophic - A New Climate Reality Is Coming into View 1022
Scientists Warn in Report that Climate Change Has Pushed Earth to 'Code Red' 1022
Dire Climate Impacts Distract from Even More Dire Warnings 1022
'Dystopia on the Doorstep.' The Global North Is Next - Pakistan Climate Minister 0922
Climate Change Has Come for the World’s Largest Greenhouse Gas Emitter, China 0922
World on Brink of 5 ‘Disastrous’ Climate Tipping Points 0922
Failure to Slow Warming Will Set Off Climate ‘Tipping Points' 0922’
China's Fragile Economy Is Being Hammered by Driest Riverbeds since at Least 1865 - 0822
Pace of Climate Change Sends Economists Back to Drawing Board 0822
China's Fragile Economy Is Being Hammered by Driest Riverbeds since at Least 1865 - 0822
China Plans Cloud Seeding to Protect Grain Crop from Drought 0822
China Shuts Factories, Rations Electricity as Heat Wave Stifles Economy 0822
Iraq Broils in Dangerous 120° Heat as Power Grid Shuts Down 0822
Climate Change’s Impact Intensifies, Led by Arctic 0822
Climate Endgame - Risk of Human Extinction ‘Dangerously Under-Explored’ 0822
No Longer 1-in-100-Year Events, Experts Say It’s Time to Plan for Disasters 0722
How the Climate Crisis Is Forever Changing Our National Parks 0722
Alarming Climate Data Puts Pressure on Rich Nations to Share Green Tech 0522
What to Expect from the World’s 6th Mass Extinction 0122
Brazil’s Extreme Weather Is Flooding Mines, Drying Up Crops 0122
US Hit by 20 Separate $ Billion Climate Disasters in 2021 - NOAA 0122
More than 40% of Americans Live in Counties Hit by Climate Disasters in 2021 - 0122
2021 Climate Disasters - ‘Extraordinary Is No Longer Extraordinary’ 1221 - Four scientists reflect on 2021 and beyond.
2021 Arctic Report Card Reveals Cascading Disruptions, Extreme Events, Global Connections 1221
How Climate Change May Shape the World in Centuries to Come 1121 - up to +4.6°C by 2500 impacts
Climate Change Threatens over 100 Million People in Africa 1021
To See Climate Change in Action, Just Look in Your Own Backyard 1021 - more mosquitoes, no bumblebees, hotter nights depress tomato yields & quality, allergies, asthma, more tiock diseases, extrreme heat, newly unfrozen logging rivers/roads, drought empties rural areas, loss of salmon habitat, etc.
The Climate Disaster Is Here 1021
US Agencies Made a List of Most Worrisome Climate Threats 1021
What’s the Worst That Could Happen? 0921
Climate Crisis Will Wreak Havoc on Australian Economy if Coal Isn’t Phased Out 0921
Overlapping Disasters Expose Harsh Climate Reality - the U.S. Is Not Ready 0921
The Top 6 Cities Most at Risk from Climate Change 0921
Many Measures of Earth’s Health Are at Worst Levels on Record - NOAA 0821
1 Billion Children at ‘Extreme Risk’ from Climate Impacts – UNICEF 0821
Climate Maps Show a Transformed United States 0920 - See Overviews page or original URL for the maps.
Feedbacks and Tipping Points - Big Uncertainties about Future Warming 0821
UK Already Undergoing Disruptive Climate Change 0721
3.5 Americans Create Enough Carbon Emissions to Kill 1 Person 0721 - 4,434 metric tonnes of CO2 yields 1 person dying this century from increased temperature. 904 deaths from operating a tyoical US coal power plant for 1 year. Eliminating planet-heating emissions by 2050 would save an expected 74 million lives around the world this century. It would take 3.5 Americans, 25 Brazilians or 146 Nigerians to kill 1 person. - take 1. See take 2 below in the “Refugees” section.
Amid Summer of Fire and Floods, a Moment of Truth for Climate Action 0721 - June’s scorching temperatures, followed by a fast-moving wildfire, erased a Canadian town. More than a million people are close to starvation amid Madagascar’s worst drought in decades. In Siberia, 10s of 1,000s of square miles of forest are ablaze, potentially unleashing carbon stored in the frozen ground below.
Crushing Climate Impacts to Hit Sooner than Feared - Draft UN Report 0621
Climate Change Tipping Points Are upon Us. Draft U.N. Report Warns - 'The Worst Is Yet to Come' 0621
Earth Tipping Points Could Destabilize Each Other, in Domino Effect 0621
Global Warming May Have Already Passed Irreversible Tipping Point in Arctic 0621
Climate Tipping Points Could Topple like Dominoes 0621
U.S. Has Entered Unprecedented Climate Territory, EPA Warns 0521
Climate Change Is Making Big U.S. Problems Bigger 0521
Cities Will Be Hit Hardest by Climate Change 0421
How the World Will Look in 2050 if We Don’t Cut Carbon Emissions 50% by 2030 - 0420
Climate Change Hit Poorest Countries Hardest in 2019 - 0121
Half of India’s Population Is Vulnerable to Extreme Climate Events 1220
World Risks Becoming 'Uninhabitable Hell' for Millions, unless Leaders Take Climate Action - UN 1020
1/5 of Countries Risk Ecosystem Collapse 1020
2nd Trump Term Would Be 'Game Over' for Climate - Top Scientist Michael Mann 1020
‘Collapse of Civilization is the Most Likely Outcome’ - Top Climate Scientists 0620 - A “global tipping cascade” could take us to a less habitable “Hothouse Earth” climate. 9 of 15 identified tipping points have been activated.
Covid Crisis Will Be Overshadowed by Climate Threat, Engie Says 0520
Professor Sees Climate Mayhem Lurking Behind Covid-19 Outbreak 0320
The Planet’s Largest Ecosystems Could Collapse Faster than We Thought 0320
JP Morgan Economists Warn Climate Crisis Is Threat to Human Race 0220
The End of Australia as We Know It 0220
New Australia Summer - Fire Rains on Beaches, Red Skies, Billion Animals Killed 0120
Australia Is Burning; Dangerous Climate Change Is Here with You Now 0120
View to 2050 - Flooded Cities, Forced Migration, Amazon Turns to Savannah 1219
Rapid Arctic Warming Driving Rising Seas, Extreme Heat, Drought in the US 1219
Climate Change Is Accelerating - ‘Things Are Getting Worse’ 1219 - take 1 on study. See Overviews page, for original Commentary in Nature journal.
9 Climate Tipping Points Now ‘Active,' Warn Scientists 1119 - take 2
Climate Emergency - World ‘May Have Crossed Tipping Points’ 1119 - take 3
Our Planet May Be Barreling toward a Tipping Point 1119 - take 4
Want to Know What Climate Change Feels like? Ask an Alaskan. 1019
What an Ice-Free Arctic Really Means, and Why It Matters So Much 0919
Scientists Have Been Underestimating the Pace of Climate Change 0819
Alaska's Hottest Month Ever - Melting Sea Ice, Wildfires, Unexpected Die-Offs 0819
Climate Crisis Reducing Land’s Ability to Sustain Humanity, Says IPCC 0819
Catastrophic Effects from Climate Change-Related Events in B.C. in 30 Years 0819
No System of Government Designed by Human Beings Can Survive What the Climate Crisis Will Bring 0619
Food, Water, Electricity Shortages from Climate Change Are Destroying Djibouti 0619
Climate Change Apocalypse to End Civilization Could Start by 2050 unless We Act 0619 - take 1 on study
Climate Change Could Pose 'Existential Threat' by 2050 - 0619 - take 2
Climate Change Makes Poor Countries Poorer, Widening Global Inequality 0419
Future Arctic Won't Look like the Arctic We Know Now 0419
On Buying Insurance and Ignoring Cost-Benefit Analysis 0419
Climate Change Hits Canada Twice as Hard as Other Countries 0419
Climate Change - Global impacts 'Accelerating' - WMO 0319
UN's ‘Dire' Warning- Act Now on Earth's Environment as Human Health ‘Increasingly Threatened' 0319
A Year of Climate Change Evidence - Notes from a Science Reporters Journal 0219
No Place on Earth – Not Even Hawaii – to Escape Climate Change, Experts Say 0219
Scientists Say These 10 Major Cities could Become Unlivable within 80 Years 0219
Wildfires, Hurricanes, Other Extreme Weather Cost US 247 Lives, Nearly $100 Billion in 2018 - 0219
Extreme Weather Shatters Records around the World 0219
US Climate Change Skeptics Live Mostly Where Its Effects Hurt the Economy Most 0119
Here’s How Climate Change Is Hitting Middle America 0119
Predicting a Complex Climate Domino Effect 1218
Collapse of Civilization Is on the Horizon – David Attenborough 1218
Lake Erie Faces Dire Future 1218
Climate Change Clobbers Colorado & the West, with Fire, Drought, Insects, Heat 1218
4th US Climate Assessment Says Damage Is ‘Intensifying across the Country’ 1118
Biodiversity Collapse Imminent in World’s Tropics 1118
New Climate Change Report Highlights Grave Dangers for Vietnam 1018
5 Ways Climate Change Could Alter Life in South Carolina after 2030 - 1018
Why India Needs to Worry about Climate Change 1018
In Alaska, Everyone’s Grappling with Climate Change 1018
Climate Change Will Make the Next Global Crash the Worst 1018
Climate Disasters Cause Global Economic Losses to Soar 1018
'Tipping Points' Could Exacerbate Climate Crisis, Scientists Fear 1018
The World Has Just over a Decade to Get Climate Change under Control 1018
We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN 1018
Charge €30 a Tonne for CO2 to Avoid Catastrophic 4°C Warming 1018
Climate Change Is a Chronic Condition 0918 - analogy to diabetes
'Apocalyptic Threat' - Dire Climate Report Raises Fears for California's Future 0818
What Climate Change Looks Like In 2018 - 0718
The Guardian View on Climate Change - a Global Heat Wave 0718 - very brief overview
Global Warming in South Asia - 800 Million at Risk - World Bank 0618 - take #1 on study
Half of South Asia Living in Vulnerable Climate ‘Hotspots' - World Bank 0618 - take #2 on study
Young Will Pick Up Climate Change Bill, Advisers Warn 0618
Global Warming Cooks Up 'a Different World' over 3 Decades 0618
Risks to the US Economy from Climate Impacts in China 0518
Global Warming Will Depress Economic Growth in Trump Country 0518
2° No Longer Seen as Global Warming Guardrail 0418
Dangerous Biodiversity Decline Threatens Livelihoods, Food and Water Security 0318
Stark Differences in Climate Impacts Between 1.5 and 2°C of Warming 0318
'Collapse of Civilization Is a Near Certainty within Decades.’ - Paul Ehrlich 0318
climate change, overpopulation, overconsumption, toxification
India Is the Country Most Vulnerable to Climate Change 0318
All of Europe’s 571 Cities Are Destined for Worse Heat Waves, Droughts, Floods 0218
Hurricanes and Heat Waves - Stark Signs of Climate Change ‘New Normal’ 1217
Climate Change Is Happening Faster Than Expected, and It’s More Extreme 1217
The Impact of Global Warming in the Land of Santa Claus 1217
Floods, Droughts, and India's Uncertain Climate Future 1117
The World at 3°C - What It Means for 5 Cities 1117
From Everglades to Kilimanjaro, Climate Change Is Destroying World Wonders 1117
Haiti Tops Index of Nations Worst-Hit by Extreme Weather in 2016 - 1117 - $3.16 trillion worldwide damages over 20 years
Massive Government Report Says Climate Is Warming, Humans Are the Cause 1117 - take 2
Massive US Report Finds Climate Change 92-123% Manmade 1117 - take1
Climate Change to Affect 10 Million Americans by 2075, CBO Warns 1117
Climate Change Is Already Bringing Disease, Air Pollution and Heat Waves 1017
'We Will Be Toasted, Roasted and Grilled'- IMF Chief’s Climate Change Warning 1017
California’s New Normal? Ever More Intense Heat, Fires, Droughts and Floods 1017
The Unvarnished Truth about Climate Change 0817 - Tampa, Florida’s take on 0817 draft National Climate Assessment
Draft National Climate Assessment Finds Drastic Climate Change Impact on US 0817
“Evidence for a changing climate abounds, from the top of the atmosphere to the depths of the oceans.”
“Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse (heat-trapping) gases, are primarily responsible for recent observed climate change…. There are no alternative explanations, and no natural cycles are found in the observational record that can explain the observed changes in climate. (Very high confidence)
“Even if humans immediately stopped emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, the world would still feel at least an additional 0.5°F (0.3°C) of warming over this century, compared with today. The projected actual rise, scientists say, will be as much as 2°C.
Fires, Droughts, Hurricanes - Link between Climate Change, Natural Disasters? 0917
2016 Weather Report - Extreme and Anything but Normal 0817
World’s Young Face $535 Trillion Bill for Climate Change 0717
This is a summary of many, many studies, across many facets of climate research. It is based on interviews over the past several months with "the most credentialed and tenured scientists in the field, few of them inclined to alarmism and many advisers to the IPCC who nevertheless criticize its conservatism." They "have quietly reached an apocalyptic conclusion, too: no plausible program of emissions reductions alone can prevent climate disaster.”
1. Doomsday - Peering beyond Scientific Reticence
“Fears of sea-level rise ... are barely scratching the surface of what [is] possible."
2. Heat Death - The Bahrain-ing of New York
3. The End of Food - Praying for Cornfields in the Tundra
4. Climate Plagues - What Happens When the Bubonic Ice Melts?
5. Unbreathable Air - A Rolling Death Smog That Suffocates Millions
6. The Perpetual War - The Violence Baked into Heat
7. Permanent Economic Collapse - Dismal Capitalism in a Half-Poorer World
8. Poisoned Oceans - Sulfide Burps off the Skeleton Coast
9. The Great Filter - Our Present Eeriness Cannot Last
Scientists Challenge Magazine Story about ‘Uninhabitable Earth’ 0717 - quibbles about bits of the above summary
How Climate Change Is a 'Death Sentence' in Afghanistan's Highlands 0817
California’s Economy Will Suffer Plenty from Climate Change. At Least It’s Not Florida. 0717
Climate Change - Global Wildlife Reshuffle to Have Huge Impacts on Humanity 0317
State of the Warming Climate in 2016 - 'Truly Uncharted Territory’ 0317 broad & detailed blueprint, mostly technological, by decade of how to go carbon neutral (net-zero emissions) by 2050 and carbon-negative afterward.
Grim State of the Environment Report Warns Climate Change Impacts Could Be Irreversible 0317
Climate Change Poses Multi-Faceted Threat to Oregon, Report Says 0117
Europe Faces Droughts, Floods and Storms as Climate Change Accelerates 0117
UK’s Climate Change Risk Assessment – Heat Waves, Food Shortages, Floods 0117
How Gov. Scott Quietly Stole Florida's Future 1016 - saltwater intrusions, toxic algae blooms, cooling water too hot to make electricity, coral bleaching, sunny day flooding, Zika, dengue fever, West Nile virus, etc.
Crocodiles and Palm Trees in the Arctic? New Report Suggests Yes. 0516 - Take 1 on study
Burning All Fossil Fuels Could Yield Global Warmth Not Seen in 65 Million Years 0516 - Take 2 on study
World Could Warm by Massive 10°C, if All Fossil Fuels Are Burned 0516 - Take 3 on study
Climate Change Puts 1.3 Billion People, $158 Trillion at Risk, Says World Bank 0516
Humans Damaging the Environment Faster than It Can Recover, UN Finds 0516
Food System Shock - Climate Change's Greatest Threat to Civilization 0416
Urban Population Growth and Demand for Food Could Spark Global Unrest 0416
How Earth Itself Has Dramatically Upped the Stakes for the Paris Climate Accord 0416
Industrial Civilization on Track to Collapse of Production and Living Standards? 0416
China’s Latest Climate Change Assessment Depicts Somber Scenarios 1115
Failing Phytoplankton, Failing Oxygen - Global Warming Could Suffocate Life on Earth 1215
Indigenous Folk Worst Hit by Climate Change 1015
South Asia at Front Lines of Mounting Climate Costs - Asian Development Bank 0915
Obama Makes Urgent Appeal in Alaska for Climate Change Action 0815
Snowy Canada Endures Drought, Heat, Fires as Planet Gets Warmer 0815
Surge In ‘Danger Days’ Just around the Corner 0815
Point of No Return - Climate Change Nightmares Are Already Here 0815
Vietnam Ready to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 0815
Texas Facing Major Climate Change Impacts 0715
Society Will Collapse by 2040, Due to Catastrophic Food Shortages - GSI 0615
Climate Change Could Overwhelm California, Obama Adviser Says 0515
Asia-Pacific Highly Vulnerable to Climate Change 0515
Climate Change Set to Take Major Toll on Economy, Children's Health 0515
Over-Consumption, Climate Change Threaten Food, Water Supplies - FAO 0415
China Official Warns of Huge Impact from Climate Change 0315
Earth Has Exceeded 4 of the 9 Limits for Hospitable Life 0315
Why Fresh Water Shortages Will Cause the Next Great Global Crisis 0315
Midwest Climate Future- Missouri Becomes Like Arizona and Chicago Like Texas 0115
China Vulnerable to Climate Change - 3rd National Climate Assessment 0115
Drought, Heat and Ice - 2015 Could Be Tipping Point on Climate 1214
Here's What Will Happen This Century If We Don't Act on Climate Change 1214
Numbers Show How Pollution Has Changed Earth 1214
Global Warming Could Undercut Efforts to Eradicate Poverty 1114
Green Revolution Trebles Human Burden on Planet 1114
Capping Warming at 2°C Not Enough to Avert Disaster, Experts Warn 1114
IPCC Climate Change Synthesis Report Sees Risks of Irreversible Damage 1014
25 Devastating Effects Of Climate Change 1014
Big Climate Report - Warming Is Big Risk for People 0314
Climate Impacts 'Overwhelming' – UN 0314
Climate Inaction to Be 'Catastrophe’ 0314
Wake Up to the Reality of Climate Change 0314
Warming Can Lead to Warmer Tempers, Worsening Global Security - IPCC 0314
U.N. Says Lag in Confronting Climate Woes Will Be Costly 0114
Damage to Poor Countries from Climate Change Goes Far Beyond Money 1013
Extreme Weather Can Be the Most Important Cause of Poverty 1013
Tropics to Be 1st Region to Hit a New Climate Era 1013
Canada's 'Northern Amazon' on the Brink 0613 - MacKenzie River, challenged by tar sands
Texas Models Diverse Climate Change Impacts 0413 - the great drought, groundwater loss, hurricanes
The 7 Most Alarming Effects of Climate Change on North America 0213 - wildfires, drought in Great Lakes, Northwest floods, nasty Nor'easters, hurricanes, tornados, West Nile virus
Warmest Decade Brings Record Temperatures and Weather Extremes 0213
The Scary Truth About How Much Climate Change is Costing You 0213 - pushes seas into Norfolk streets, kills Oregon oysters, shuts Mississippi River shipping, hits agriculture and thermal power plants. Wall Street pays attention.
Climate Change Creating a New World 0213
Canadian Health Threatened by Dramatic Warming 0113
Rising Temps Could Change Midwest Landscape 0113
Southwest Faces Looming Threats from Climate Change 0113
Climate Change in Hawaii Is Here 0113
Climate Change Threatens the American West 1112
Climate Change Evident Across Europe 1112
Weather Extremes Damage Parts of US Infrastructure 0712 - rails, roads, airports, power plants & wires, water & sewers
Green Decline May Bring Irreversible Change 0612
Plan Now for More Disasters - IPCC 0312
UK Climate Impacts, First Report 0112
Expect More Weather Extremes - IPCC 1111
7 Ways Climate Change Threatens Our Health 0911 - heat waves; asthma & allergies; spread of infectious diseases; pests & diseases of forests & crops; more winter ice & snow storms; drought; food shortages
Pay Now, Pay Later - Wisconsin 0811
Nation-State Failures Grow 0211
Somalia
Chad
Afghanistan
Mali
Sudan
Yemen
Rwanda
Congo
Liberia
Haiti
etc.
Al Qaeda havens
Europe's Future Climate Impacts 0111
Earth, 2300 - Too Hot for Humans 0510
Global Crisis to Hit by 2030 - 0309 - food, water & energy shortages
Climate Change Point of No Return 0109 - Temperatures will stay high till after 3,000 AD.
Invasive Species Consumes 25% of Earth's Productivity 1007 - us
Rapid Climate Change Growing Likelier 1208
Climate Change Accelerating Far Beyond IPCC Forecast 1008
Global Changes from Warming 0508
US Economic Impacts of Climate Change and the Costs of Inaction - CIER 1007 - PDF, 52 pp
Cloudy with a Chance of Chaos 0106 - Fortune magazine. Civilization developed in a period of climate stability. We are leaving that period. Scientific consensus on climate change is like the medical consensus on smoking. US grain exports could vanish, property values plummet, terrorists multiply, etc. We'll get insurance premium hell.
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 2. .Conflcts: Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Refugees+. .Deaths.
Costs 1
Estimating damage costs from global warming (climate change) is difficult. Estimated $ values cover a wide spectrum, depending on many assumptions, as well as on which effects are examined, over how long, for which geographical area, compounded by further uncertainties about how much carbon humans will emit how fast, positive feedbacks (e.g., less reflected sunlight when ice melts, more carbon emitted by thawing permafrost), and - most of all - what the warming effects will be for how much emissions, with what kind of lags in warming. Assumptions about adaptation by farmers are a key factor. Another key assumption is the discount rate.
Texas Economy Slows as Summers Get Hotter - Dallas Fed Economists 1023
Sea Level Rise Projected to Drain Florida’s Financial Future 1023
Hotter Summers Mean More Inflation Pressure - Europe Central Bank 1023
Climate Crisis Costs $16 Million per Hour in Extreme Weather Damage 1023 - $140 billion per year over 20 years. Does not include data from most low-income countries, nor crop effects. 2/3 of damage is in lives lost, 1/3 in damage to property and other assets. 7-fold increase in losses since 1970s.
Climate Destruction Fuels Growing Sector of the US Economy 1023 - Repair costs add to GDP, but destruction costs do not subtract from it.
Extending Australia’s Biggest Coal Plant Life Cost $1.7 Billion in Damages a Year 0923
Hurricane Idalia Could Become 2023’s Costliest US Climate Disaster Yet 0823
Economic Toll from Maui Fires Estimated as High as $6 Billion 0823
University of Chicago Study Exposes Huge Cost of Emissions 0823
Climate Change Hits the Rhine, Europe’s Key Trade Route, Risks $99 Billion 0723 - Need to re-do barges, to carry more and lighter loads, as river level falls. Also switch to rail and road transport, as well as moving operations to other locations.
Extreme Heat Is Endangering America's Workers—and Its Economy 0823
Biden Says Extreme Heat Costing US $100 Billion Annually 0723
Extreme Heat Threatens Europe's $2 Trillion Travel Industry 0723
Scorching Heat Inflicts $100 Billion Productivity Drain on American Businesses 0723
Extreme Heat Will Drive Up US Health Care Costs by $1 Billion Each Summer 0723
Domestic Oil & Gas Production Led to $77 Billion a Year in Health Impacts 0723
Canada Offers Lesson in the Economic Toll of Climate Change 0723
What Climate Change Means for US Federal Debt 0623
Rich, High-CO2 Emitting Nations Could Pay $170 Trillion in Climate Reparations 0623
Climate Change Is Exacerbating Inflation Worldwide 0523
El Niños Cause Trillions in Lost Economic Growth 0523
Canada Forest Fires Are Costly Climate Disaster Missing from Public Accounts 0523
Fossil Fuel Firms Owe Climate Reparations of $209 Billion a Year, Says Study 0523
Amazon Rainforest Damage Could Cost Brazil $184 Billion - World Bank 0523
Natural Disasters Caused $313 Billion Economic Loss in 2022 - 0123
A $24 Billion Wave of Climate Losses Faces Meat and Dairy Firms 0323
In a 1st, Coal Company Agrees to Use Social Cost of Carbon 0323
In Fraud, Insurers Slashed Hurricane Ian Payouts Far below Damage Estimates 0323
The Business Case for Reversing Extinction 0323
Why EPA’s Huge Social Cost of Carbon Might Fail to Halt CO2 Emissions 0323
Climate Change Risks Costing Germany Up to €900 Billion by 2050 - 0323
How Climate Change Is Making Cotton Goods More Expensive 0223
Costs Could Rise Even More in 2023. 1,000s of CEOs Blame Climate Change. 0223
US Climate Disasters Racked Up $165 Billion in Damage in 2022 - 0123
Extreme Weather Spread in 2022, with $270 Billion in Losses, $120 Billion Insured 0123
Storms, Floods and Fires Caused $260 Billion in Losses in 2022 - 1222
The Tricky Business of Putting a Dollar Value on a Human Life 1222
Canada's Economy Seen Taking 5.8% Hit on Climate Change by 2100 - 1122
‘We Have No Dry Land Left’ - Impact of Pakistan Floods to Be Felt for Years 1022
Biodiversity Loss May Push Developing World Closer to Default 0922
Moody’s Has a $1.9 Trillion Warning over Biodiversity 0922
As Floods Subside, Pakistan’s Economy Is on a Knife-Edge 0922
The World Has a $1 Trillion La Niña Problem 0922
Climate Change Could Worsen Supply Chain Turmoil 0922
European Power Prices Shatter Records, as Energy Crisis Intensifies 0822
Drought Hurts China’s Economy, as Central Bank Cuts Rates 0822
Climate Change Could Push Flood Damage to $3 Billion a Year in Western U.S. 0822
European Power Prices Smash Records, in Another Inflation Blow 0822
Drought Hurts China’s Economy, as Central Bank Cuts Rates 0822
Extreme Heat Is Slamming the World's 3 Biggest Economies All at Once 0822 - It reduces China’s forecast GDP growth by 2.7% and Germany’s by 0.4%. In California, USA, 50% of farmers said they had to remove trees and multi-year crops due to drought.
Economic Damage from Heat Waves and Drought Dwarfs Europe’s Energy Crisis 0822
Worsening Drought Drives California Water Prices to All-Time High 0822
Extreme Weather Caused $65 Billion in Global Losses in 1st Half of 2022 - 0722
Climate Change Is Killing People and Taking Trillions of Dollars 0722
Deaths, Costs of Climate-Linked Disasters May Be Grossly Undercounted 0622
Climate Change Erased 1/5 of Exposed Nations’ Growth Potential 0622
Deloitte Research Reveals Inaction on Climate Change Could Cost the World’s Economy US$178 trillion by 2070 - 0522 - take1
Climate Inaction Could Cost the World $178 Trillion 0522 - take 2
Climate Change Boosted Cost of Japan Storm by $4 Billion 0522
Record Wildfires Threaten to Wreak $200 Billion in Global Damage 0522
Poor Nations Face 4 Times More Climate Change Risk, S&P Warns 0422
Climate Crisis Could Cost US $2 Trillion a Year by 2100, White House Warns 0422
Global Losses from Catastrophes Reached $270 Billion in 2021 - 0322 That’s $7-8 per tonne of CO2 emitted.
McKinsey Pegs the Price Tag of a Livable Climate at $9.2 Trillion a Year 0122
Climate Change Fueled 3rd Costliest Losses Ever in 2021, under Half Was Insured 0122
Lumber Prices Are off the Rails Again. Blame Climate Change. 0122 - Blame pine bark beetles for lots more forest fires in British Columbia, the source of most building lumber for the US.
US Hit by 20 Separate $ Billion Climate Disasters in 2021 - NOAA 0122
German Floods Cost a Record $40 Billion, Munich Re Estimates 0122
Adapting to Climate Change Will Only Get More Expensive 1221
U.S. Businesses Could Face $13.5 Billion from Flood Damage Next Year 1221
Climate Change Will Cost Ontario Billions, Fiscal Watchdog Warns 1221
Global Economy Can Grow if World Warms Less than 1.5°C - 1121
Climate Change Refugee Crisis Coming – Turkey’s Erdogan 0921
We’ve Been Radically Underestimating the True Cost of Our Carbon Footprint 0921 - Most of all, earlier studies have not used the cost of human mortality, including the US government’s Social Cost of Carbon. Second, the discount rate, based on financial studies of time preference is too high, since it undervalues future generations, who cannot chime in, at least not as well. The discount rate is a moral choice more than a financial choice.
Climate-Driven Extreme Heat Threatens $500 Billion a Year in U.S. Costs by 2050 - 0921
By Acting on Climate Change, India Can Gain $11 Trillion in Economic Value by 2070 - 0821
Reducing Carbon Emissions & Air Pollution Benefits the Global Economy 0821 - % GNP loss for countries per GT CO2
The Costs of Climate Tipping Points & How They Could Compound One Another 0821
3.5 Americans Create Enough Carbon Emissions to Kill 1 Person 0721 - 4,434 metric tonnes of CO2 yields 1 person dying this century from increased temperature. 904 deaths from operating a tyoical US coal power plant for 1 year. Eliminating planet-heating emissions by 2050 would save an expected 74 million lives around the world this century. It would take 3.5 Americans, 25 Brazilians or 146 Nigerians to kill 1 person. - take 1. See take 2 below in the “Refugees” section.
Climate Crisis to Shrink G7 Economies Twice as Much as Covid-19 - 0621
Climate Change Could Cut World Economy $23 Trillion in 2050, Swiss Re Warns 0421
Record Number of Billion-Dollar Disasters Struck the U.S. in 2020 - 0121
Large Variation in Daily Temperatures Linked to Lower Economic Growth 0221
Rising Heat and Snow-Bare Peaks Chill Nepal's Mountain Economy 0221
Extreme Weather Causes Huge Losses in 2020 - 1220
Report Tallies the Costs of Climate Change on NC Economy, Health 1220
50 Years of Climate Inaction Will Cost Australia $3.4 Trillion and 880,000 Jobs 1120
Climate Change Poses ‘Profound Threat' to Global Growth - IMF Chief 1020
Stronger Action on Climate Change Would Benefit the Economy 0420 - Inaction costs $150-792 trillion by 2100. That’s 2-9 times Gross World Product.
Climate Impacts 'to Cost World $7.9 Trillion' by 2050 - 0420
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Conflcts: Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Refugees+. .Deaths.
Costs 2
Climate Events Have Cost the US More than $500 Billion over the Last 5 Years 1119
The Price Tag for Climate Change Is in the Trillions 1119
Climate Change Could Cost the U.S. Up to 10.5% of Its GDP by 2100 - 0819
Moody’s Analytics Says 2°C Climate Change Could Cost $69 Trillion by 2100 - 0719
Sea Level Rise Could Cost Florida $76 Billion, US $400 Billion by 2040 - 0719
Climate Change Could Slash $571 Billion from Australia’s Property Values 0519
The Green New Deal Costs Less than Doing Nothing 0519
The Next Financial Crisis Could Be Caused by Climate Change 0119
Hurricane Michael Cost Tyndall AFB $5 Billion, One of 2018's Weather Disasters 1218
Tackle Climate or Face Financial Crash, Say World's Biggest Investors 1218
Climate Change Could Cost the U.S. $515 Billion a Year by 2100 - 1218
Peak CO2 Pollution by 2050, Not 2100+, Saves $208+ Billion a Year - 4th NCA 1118
Zinke Says Northern California Fire Costs Likely in Billions 1118
4th US Climate Assessment Says Damage Is ‘Intensifying across the Country’ 1118 - This includes $155 billion a year in lost labor productivity by 2100, $141 billion a year from deaths from heat, and $118 billion a year in coastal property damages.
Climate Change to Cost US More in Economic Damage than All but One Nation 0918 - $48 / tonne of CO2 local damage in US (compare to $42 social cost of carbon under Obama), $86 in India, less elsewhere, for a total of $417 / ton. Negative in Russia (Siberia) and some of Canada and Scandinavia, at least for a while. This does not include potential catastrophic events, short-term costs of adaptation, biodiversity loss, or the longer-term impacts of sea level rise and ocean acidification.
Fighting Climate Change Could Boost the Global Economy by $26 Trillion 0918
Most Economic Forecasts Have a Big Blind Spot - Climate Change 0818
Amid Fires and Hurricanes, Price of Climate Change Begins to Hit Home 0818
Cost of Coastal Flooding in Europe Could Reach $1 Trillion Annually by 2100 - 0818
Toxic ‘Red Tide' Algae Bloom Is Killing Florida Wildlife and Menacing Tourism 0818
Adding Up the Cost of Climate Change in Lost Lives 0818
Poor Countries Face $168 Billion Interest Bill due to Climate Change 0718
We Are Very Likely Underestimating the Economic Risks of Climate Change 0618
tipping points; use renewables & storage costs from several years ago, underestimate energy efficiency, omit social benefits, don’t adjust well for uncertainties and “fat tails”, need steeper damage function (e.g., 50% GNP loss for 6°C).
Reducing Warming from 2° to 1.5°C Will Save World $30 Trillion in Damages 0518
Climate Impacts of the Kinder Morgan Pipeline Could Cost Up to $8.7 Billion 0518
$306 Billion in 1 Year - US Bill for Natural Disasters Smashes Record 0118
2017 Set a Record for Losses From Natural Disasters. It Could Get Worse. 0118
California Department of Insurance Estimates Wildfires Losses at $1.05 Billion 1017
$300 Billion Early Estimate for Climate Change Costs of Hurricanes, Fires 0917
Hidden Costs of Climate Change Running 100s of Billions a Year 0917
Texas Sees Harvey’s Damage at Up to $180 Billion 0917
Rising Temperatures Cut Economic Output 0917
Climate Change Costs India $10 Billion Every Year - Government 0817
How Extreme Could Temperatures Become in Texas? 0817
How Climate Change Impacts Congressional Districts Over Next 80 Years 0717
Climate Change in the U.S. Could Help the Rich and Hurt the Poor 0617
The Great Barrier Reef Is a Treasure Worth $42 Billion 0617
Urban ‘Heat Islands' Seen Doubling City Costs for Climate Change 0517
Ignoring the Worst Case Scenario Comes with a Hefty Price Tag 0317
During Sandy, Wetlands Averted US $625 Million in Damages 1116
World Economy Will Lose $12 Trillion unless Greenhouse Gases Are Tackled 1116
Hidden Cost of Death Is in the Air 0916 - Air pollution costs China 10% of GDP, India 8% - World Bank
Climate Change Could Cost Millennials $ Trillions in Lifetime Income 0816
Soaring Temperatures Will Make It Too Hot to Work, Cost Over $2 Trillion by 2030 - 0716
Flooding Costs Will Soar in a Warming World, Economic Analysts Say 0616
Climate Change Will Wipe $2.5 Trillion off Global Financial Assets 0416
Clean Energy Is Win-Win for the US 0316 - Clean energy will save $250 billion a year in the US, by 2030, compared to a base case heavy on fossil fuels.
As Sea Levels Rise, Economic Damage Piles Up Even Faster 0216
Farm Report - Montana to Lose Millions to Climate Change 0216
Balmy Winter Hits French Ski Workers in Wallet 1215
Climate Change Hits Australia’s Economy for $8 Billion 1115
Climate Change Could Push 100+ Million Into Extreme Poverty by 2030 - World Bank 1115
The Warmer It Gets, the More World Economy Hurts 1015
Scientists Calculate the Dramatic Economic Cost of a Warming Arctic 0915
South Asia at Front Lines of Mounting Climate Costs - Asian Development Bank 0915
Billions of Dollars of Pacific Infrastructure at Risk from Climate Change 0715
Inaction on Climate Change Would Cost Billions, Major EPA Study Finds 0615
Water Insecurity Costs Global Economy Billions a Year 0415
China Official Warns of Huge Impact from Climate Change 0315
Australia’s CSIRO Warns of '$1 Trillion' Natural Disasters Exposure 1214
Climate Change Costs to Poor Underestimated - UN 1214
Research Finds Looming $1 Trillion a Year Costs of Ocean Acidification 1014
Acid Damage to Coral Reefs Could Cost $1 Trillion 1014 - an earlier perspective on the same report as above
Health Benefits of Reducing Emissions Outweigh Costs Involved 0814
Climate Change Could Slash 8.7% from India’s GDP by 2100 - 0814
Climate Costs 'May Prove Much Higher’ 0414
Costs of Climate Change Steep, But Tough to Tally 0314
'Social Cost' of Carbon Emissions Rising, But Are Still Underestimated 0214
Costs of Natural Disasters in China Surge to $69 Billion 0214
Caribbean Climate In Crisis 0214
Climate, GDP Link in Pacific Islands 1213
Climate Change Will Pose Rising Burden on U.S. Taxpayer 1113
Global Warming Threatens Pacific Economies 1113
Warming Report Sees Violent, Sicker, Poorer Future 1113
We Need Climate-Change Risk Assessment 1013
The Cost of Climate Change 0913 - % of GNP, US emphasis
Huge Arctic Methane Belch Could Cost Us $60 Trillion 0713
Flood Insurance Changes Run Into Resistance 0713
Global Warming's Terrifying New Math 0613
Extreme Weather Caused $110 Billion in US Damages in 2012 0613
Microwave Oven Rule Shows Obama’s Climate Policies 0613 Social Cost of Carbon study is available on Overviews page.
($2007 per ton of CO2 emitted) 2013 edition is on left, 2010 edition on right.
US Weather Extremes Cost 2/3 of 2012 Global Losses 0513 - at right 
Who's Paying the Price for Global Warming? Taxpayers! 0513
Caribbean Cost of Inaction 0513
US Dominated Global Disaster Losses In 2012 0413
Cost of Disasters, 2012 Back to 1970 - Swiss Re 0413 - PDF, 44 pp
excerpt below
The above add up to about $60 billion in insured US disaster losses in 2012. Corn Belt Drought losses not all tallied yet
.
2012 Insured losses were $US 77 billion, 3rd behind 2011 ($126 B) and 2005 (> $100 B).
Climate Disasters Threaten US Budget 1212
Climate Change Already Costs $1.2 Trillion a Year - DARA 1112 - press release;
($695 B from climate, rest from air pollution)
Costs of Climate Change - Executive Summary - DARA 1112 - PDF
Below, DARA’s estimated worldwide damages from climate change are in bilions of US $. World total is $4.345 trillion in 2030.
Circled figures below 2010 and 2030, from left to right, are for Developing Countries Low Emitters, Developing High Emitters, Developed, and Other Industrialized.
Down,
= Health. Top: Developing Nations - high & low emitters, then Developed & Other Industrial
Worsening Weather Battering Bottom Line 1012
Climate Impacts Cost $1.2 Trillion a Year 0912 - press summary of DARA report, see above
Poorer Countries’ Economies Are Harmed by Hotter Temperatures 0812
Drought Strains US Oil Production 0712
Insurers Cut Coverage with More Weather Extremes 0412
How Much It Will Cost to Save Pakistan's Economy’s Foundation 0312
Growing Losses Make Insurers Allies in the Climate Fight 1111
Services of Coral Reefs, Forests Worth Trillions 1109
Climate Change Costs Poor Over $100 Billion per Year to Adapt - World Bank 0909
Climate Change to Cost 19% of World GDP by 2030 - 0909 - PDF, 164 pp. emphasizes adaptation costs.
One of many examples is below.
Real Climate Change Costs Could Triple Early Estimates 0809
Climate Change in the US - the Prohibitive Costs of Inaction - UCS 0809
Carbon Cap & Trade Costs of Action in US - CBO 0609 - PDF, 16 pp. $175 per Household
US Damages to Cost Over $1.9 Trillion a Year by 2100 - Ackerman & Stanton (NRDC) 0508 - PDF, 42 pp
Water costs (esp. for agriculture and esp. in the West, mostly for desalination and recycling water) cope with drought and groundwater depletion. Real estate losses are from sea level rise (45 inches by 2100). Energy costs include increased cooling requirements, higher transmission thermal losses, and curtailed power production due to heat & drought. Other impacts (food losses, health, etc.) not included.
US Inaction Could Cost $3.8 Trillion per Year by 2100 - 0506
$74 Trillion Cost of Climate Inaction - Watkiss 0905 - PDF, 88 pp, modeling by Chris Hope
Estimated costs are based on FUND and PAGE Monte Carlo simulations. Such simulations use many scenarios, based on multiple values (usually 2-5) for each of several (usually 5-20) key inputs.
The A2 scenario (see just below) is "business as usual", with high and rising CO2 concentrations.
These 3 graphs above show that expected damages are lower as emissions are lower.
At left is William R. Cline’s 1992 estimate of damages in the US alone (his Table 3.4) from many of the same categories addressed by DARA, Ackerman & Stanton, and others. (from The Economics of Global Warming. Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, June 1992. ISBN 0-88132-150-8)
Note that the estimate is just for the US, not the world, as the DARA, Watkiss and "Climate Change to Cost 19% of World GDP by 2030 - 0909" estimates are. Cline’s estimate is more comparable to Ackerman and Stanton’s - also for the US, but in 1990$ instead of 2006$.
Cline’s estimated $61 billion in damages for 2.5°C warming may correspond to somewhere between the 2050 and 2075 damage estimates from Ackerman and Stanton. Thus, Cline's are a good bit lower, even though A & S examined only 4 sectors. Cline’s estimate for those 4 sectors alone was about $60 billion in 2006$. In retrospect, given the costs of recent US drought and hurricane damages, Cline’s estimates seem low.
Cline's $ US Damage Estimate from 1990.xls
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Costs 2. .Conflicts 2. .Refugees+. .Deaths.
Conflicts & Violence
How Climate Change Drives Conflict and War Crimes around the Globe 1023
US Road Rage Boils Over as Country Sizzles 0723
How Climate Change Inflames Extremist Insurgency in Africa 0723
Guam Typhoon Highlights Threat to US Military’s Pacific Strategy 0523
Spies Worry that a Sun-Blocking ‘Climate Solution’ Could Trigger War 0223
Water Shortages Threaten to Increase Violence and Disappearances in Mexico 0223
Climate Change is Fueling Conflict and Migration in Lake Chad 0123
Climate Change Puts More Women at Risk for Domestic Violence 0123
Almost 8,000 US Shootings per Year Associated with Hot Weather 1222
Climate Change Is Making People Angrier Online 0922
How Drought and War Are Really Affecting the Global Food Supply 0922
From Africa, Climate Change Amplifies Risk of Conflict 0722
Fiji Says Asia’s Biggest Security Threat Is Climate Change, Not Conflict 0622
Climate Action as Patriotism 0422 - U.S.
Encroaching Desert Intensifies Nigeria’s Farmer-Herder Crisis 0422
Climate Clues from the Past Prompt a New Look at History 1221 - more precise numbers than used in the charts under Conflict 2, below. Basically the same story, but by history researchers - working with natural scientists on climate from centuries ago.
Conflict and Climate Change Are Big Barriers for Africa’s Great Green Wall 1121
Senior Pentagon Official Warns that US Military Is Not Ready for Climate Change 1121 - damage from storms etc., logistics, mission change toward humanitarian
Warmer World Is a More Violent One - Leaders to UN 0921
Military Operations Will be Strained by Climate Change 0621
The Climate Crisis Is Driving Violent Conflicts over Farmland, Nigeria’s Example 0521
Facing Sweltering Soldiers and Flooded Ports, NATO to Focus on Climate Change 0321
Why the Pentagon Is Serious about Reducing Its Carbon Footprint 0321
Water Hot Spot Chad Has a Volatile Mix of Climate Change, Pandemic, Violence 0820
Climate Change Leads to More Violence against Women, Girls 0220
Arizona Military Base Will Be Hardest Hit by Climate Change 1119
Climate Change Is Benefiting Terrorists In Somalia 1019
Climate Change Is Poised to Alter the Face of Global Conflict 0919 - excerpt: "the specter of climate upheaval … is acting as an accelerant of global conflict, plunging nationalist powers into a regressive rivalry to seize scarce resources and deny access to putative outsiders of all descriptions.” …. "The ethno-nationalist backlash in most industrial Western powers has spurred the rise of an eco-fascist ideology."
The U.S. Navy Has a Water Problem 0919 - navy bases in Norfolk, etc., from sea level rise
How Terrorists Leverage Climate Change 0919 - weaponized fire and water
Cameroon Conflict Turns Climate-Stressed Farmers into ‘Food Beggars' 0719
Will Climate Change Lead to More World Conflict? 0719
Climate Change Compounds Hunger, Conflicts, German Aid Group Says 0619
Climate Change Is Not Causing Wars – Yet 0619
Running Dry - Competing for Water on a Thirsty Planet 0619
Climate Change Forcing Military to Reconsider Its Priorities 0519
Climate Change Will Fuel More Wars and Displacement in the Middle East 0219 - take 1 on Hague conference
Climate Change an 'Imminent' Security Threat, Risk Experts Say 0219 - take 2 on Hague conference
Climate Change a Threat to World Order, Munich Security Conference Hears 0219
Pentagon Warns of Dire Risk to Bases, Troops From Climate Change 0119
Climate Change Is Aggravating the Suffering in Yemen 1118
Drought Puts Iraq at Risk of Jihadist Resurgence 0918
Climate Kings 0718 - descent to strongmen, as influx of refugees intensifies
Putting the Climate-Conflict Hypothesis to the Test 0618 - The failure of political systems is the primary cause of conflict and displacement of large numbers of people. We also demonstrate that within socially and geopolitically fragile systems, climate change may potentially exacerbate the situation, particularly with regards to enforced migration.
The Military Paid for a Study on Sea Level Rise. The Results Were Scary. 0418
Half is about effect on US military bases, especially Pacific Islands, but also Atlantic Coast bases.
Climate Change Threatens National Security with Instability, Uncertainty, Chaos 0418
More Frequent Drought in Somalia Breeds Conflict over Fertile Land 0318
Does Climate Change Cause More War? 0218 - "Are we looking at night only under the streetlight?” effect
Iran Protests Have a Long-Simmering Factor - Climate Change 0118
7 Surprising Effects That Climate Change Will Throw Us 1117 - #4 is we will turn more violent.
Australia Faces Climate Disaster on Its Doorstep, White Paper Warns 1117
Climate Change and Water Woes Drove ISIS Recruiting in Iraq 1117
Climate Change – Catalyst for Conflict 1117
In Africa & Middle East, 10% of economic output, 20% in tropics, is lost to sinking agricultural and labor productivity.
When Egypt’s Pharaohs Mishandled Climate Disasters. Then the People Revolted. 1017
Climate Change Did Not Cause Syrian War 1017
How Climate Denial Threatens National Security 0717
Australia Warned It Radically Underestimated Climate Change Security Threat 0617
Climate Change Will Fuel Terrorism Recruitment 0417
Trump’s Defense Secretary Cites Climate Change as National Security Challenge 0317
When Climate Change Starts Wars 0217 - Central Asia becomes a tinder box as water is scarcer.
Who's Still Fighting Climate Change? The U.S. Military 0217
How Climate Change in Central Asia Threatens to Spark Regional Conflict 0117
Climate Change Will Stir ‘Unimaginable' Refugee Crisis, Says Military 1216
Military Leaders Urge Trump to See Climate as a Security Threat 1116
Military View - Climate Change Erodes Our National Security. We Should Prepare. 1016
Climate Change Is Already Destabilizing Communities Worldwide 0916
Military Experts Say Climate Change Poses 'Significant Risk' to Security 0916
Blame Global Warming for Your Bad Attitude 0916
Climate Change Increases the Risk of War 0716
What You Need to Know About the World's Water Wars 0716
Murders, Violence on Rise, as Parched Central India Battles for Water 0616
Preventing Tomorrow’s Climate Wars 0516 - long analysis of US DOD plans in Africa, Pacific, East Asia & Arctic
Food System Shock - Climate Change's Greatest Threat to Civilization 0416
Urban Population Growth and Demand for Food Could Spark Global Unrest 0416
125-Year Mini Ice Age Linked to the Plague and Fall of Empires 0216
Climate Change and Conflict, a Perfect Storm 1115
Britain’s Prince Charles Links Syria War to Climate Change 1115
Conflict Makes Countries More Vulnerable to Climate Change 1115
How Climate Change Is Threatening Iraq’s Fragile Security 1015
How Climate Change Became a National Security Problem 1015 - highlighted in Democratic Presidential primary debate
Forget about Saving Energy. This Is about Saving Lives. 0815
Defense Department to Congress - Global Warming Is a Security Threat Now 0715
Treat Climate Change as Seriously as National Security 0715 - take 1 on study
Global Warming May Fuel Terrorism 0715 - take 2, less detailed, more context
Drought, Expanding Deserts and ‘Food for Jihad' Drive Mali's Conflict 0415
Does Climate Change Really Cause Conflict? 0315
The Pentagon & Climate Change - How Deniers Put National Security at Risk 0215
Climate Stresses Push Kashmir's Poor into Militancy, Pakistan Experts Warn 0115
How Climate Change Helped ISIS 1014
Retired Rear Admiral David Titley Talk Warns of Climate Change Conflicts 1114
Ground Water Depletion Driving Global Conflicts 1114
Climate Change a 'Threat Multiplier’ for Farming-Dependent Nations 1014
Climate Change Could Create More Boko Haram Extremists 1014
There’s a Surprisingly Strong Link Between Climate Change and Violence 1014
Pentagon Signals Security Risks of Climate Change 1014
Sec Defense Hagel - Climate Change Will Challenge US Military 1014 - Hagel introduces trhe report summarized above.
Poorest People Are Being Driven to Extremist Groups 0914
Is Climate Change (Drought) Destabilizing Iraq? 0914
5 Reasons NATO Needs to Worry about Climate Change 0914
Mideast Water Wars - in Iraq, a Battle for Control of Water 0814
How Climate Change, Declining Food Sources Lead to Piracy, Poverty, Strife 0714
4-Star Warning - Generals Dub Climate Change a Security Risk 0514
Does Unusual Weather Cause More Crime? 0414
Warming Can Lead to Warmer Tempers, Worsening Global Security - IPCC 0314
Why Global Water Shortages Pose Threat of Terror and War 0214
How Climate Change is Helping Al Qaeda 1213
As Arctic Ice Melts, U.S. Military Adapts Strategy, Forces 1113
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Costs 2. .Conflicts Summary. .Refugees+. .Deaths.
Conflicts 2
Heat Worsens Hunger in Yemen 1023 - In the middle of a years-long civil war, it is very, very hot. By 2030, the Red Sea coastal city or Hodeida will have 152 days per year, nearly 5 full months, when conditions are so dangerous that spending a short amount of time outside — even in the shade — could threaten a person’s health
Global Warming (& Drying) Increases Violence 0813 - brief text summary of study below
Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict - Hsiang 0913 - PDF, meta-analysis of 60 studies. Graphs below tell the story. Some come from studies further down the page, some from other studies. Below, SD = standard deviation.
Rainfall changes (mostly drying) are drivers in panels D, G, H & K below, temperature for the other 8.
In the graphs below, dotted lines come at 1,000 year intervals.
2,600 years of European history below
China graph spans 2070 BC - 1450 AD. Titanium count is proxy for strength of winter monsoon winds & rain.
Climate Change Poses Grave Threat to Security - British (& US) Rear Admiral(s) 0613
Climate Change Bigger Security Threat Than Oil Dependence - US Center for Naval Analyses 0613
Military says US politicians have misguided fixation with domestic drilling.
Niger Desertification Forces Farmers into Armed Radical Groups 0613
Could a Greener Military Prove More Powerful? 0513
Water as Vital to National Security as Armies 0313
Top US Admiral Calls Climate Change Top Security Threat 0313
Rising Food Prices (Credit Climate Change) Heightened Arab Spring 0313
Links between Conflict and Climate Change Draw UN Attention 0213
Climate Change Threatens National Security - National Research Council, for CIA 1112
Climate Warming Drives Conflict over Food 1012
16,000 armed conflicts in 9 East Aftrican countries, 1990-2009.
List of Failing States 1012 2012 (2011 data), top 20 in order, from worst: Somalia, Congo (Zaire), Sudan, South Sudan*, Chad, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Haiti, Yemen, Iraq, Central African Repubic, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Pakistan, Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Ethiopia, Burundi, Niger, Uganda
Climate Change Is Grave Threat to Security and Health 1011 - British military experts
Climate Change Threatens World Peace - UN's Steiner 0711
CIA on Security Impacts of Climate Change 0111
Warming Can Spark Arctic Conflict in Coming Years 1010
Climate Cycles Linked to Wars 0810 - El Niño doubles risk of civil wars across 90 tropical countries.
Climate Change Is a Catalyst for Conflict: a Global Threat Multiplier 0710
Defense Department in US Seeks More Explicit Climate Models for Risks 0610
Warming = Less Food = More Wars 1109
Armed conflict in Africa 50% is more likely in unusually warm years.
Climate Is Change Threat to US 0809
War games, intelligence studies, National Defense University, etc.
Climate Change Impacts U.S. Security - Quadrennial Defense Review 1208
Warming & Wars Update 1108 - deputy director of national intelligence for analysis, etc.
Climate Change Threatens Security - CIA + 0608 - summary of National Intelligence Assessment, below
National Intelligence Assessment on the National Security Implications of Global Climate Change to 2030 - 0608 - PDF, 21 pp
US Climate Indifference Sparks Terrorism 0408
Warming and Wars 0407 - summary of study below
National Security & Climate Change - CNA Corp. (11 retired US Generals & Admirals) 0407 - PDF, 68 pp
Abrupt Climate Change - for Pentagon 1003 - PDF, 22 pp. Abrupt slowing of world thermohaline ocean circulation system brings abrupt temperature changes, causing food and water shortages, followed by resource wars.
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Costs 2. .Conflicts: Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Deaths.
Refugees, Disasters & Migration
‘Sea Is Constantly Dumping Bodies’ - Libya Flood Death Toll May Hit 20,000 - 0923
Wildfire Triggers Race to Evacuate Entire Canadian City of Yellowknife 0823
Old People Burn to Death in Their Home as Mediterranean Wildfire Toll Mounts 0723
Record Hot Oceans Are Driving Weather Disasters around the World 0723
Record Hot Oceans Are Driving Weather Disasters around the World 0723
US Already Has 12 Billion-Dollar Disasters in 2023 - 0723
Number of Internally Displaced People Hits Record, due to War, Climate Change 0523
Rising Seas Threaten ‘Mass Exodus on a Biblical Scale’, UN Chief Warns 0223
Disasters Displaced More than 3 Million Americans in 2022 - 0223
‘Cascading Crises’ as Climate, Health Emergencies Soar 0123
Climate Change is Fueling Conflict and Migration in Lake Chad 0123
Climate Change & Conflict - Somalian Mothers Risk All for Their Starving Children 0123
Mass Climate Migration Is Coming 0123
The Selfish Case for Climate Justice 1022 - Wealthy countries can embrace an agenda that helps the most vulnerable parts of the world address catastrophic flooding, deadly famines, and unchecked migration — and in doing so help prevent destabilizing ripple effects. Or wealthy countries can dismiss the concerns of their developing counterparts and hunker down to await the inevitable shock waves.
Already, drought has uprooted communities in Central America, driving migrants to cities and, eventually, to the U.S. Meanwhile, drought in Syria has contributed to the struggles driving over a million migrants from the war-torn country to Europe. These movements of people have, respectively, stoked political upheaval in the U.S. and helped topple governments in Europe.
Prolonged Drought Brings Famine, Death and Fear to Somalia 1022
Climate Migrants Flee Iraq’s Parched Rural South, but Cities Offer No Refuge 0922
Where We'll End Up Living as the Planet Burns 0822
Rise in Extreme Heat Will Hit Minority Communities Hardest 0822
How Marine Heat Waves in Hawaii Have Ripple Effects All the Way to Arizona 0522
Droughts to Increase Human Migration at Least 200% - 0422
Global Losses from Catastrophes Reached $270 Billion in 2021 - 0322
Why We Don’t Yet Know How Bad Climate Migration Will Get 0322
Climate Change Turns Brazil’s Favelas into Mudslide Disasters Waiting to Happen 0222
Weather Disasters Affected 1 in 10 US Homes Last Year 0222
9 Months In, 2021 Has Already Seen the 2nd-Most $ Billion Weather Disasters 1021
Climate Change Refugee Crisis Coming – Turkey’s Erdogan 0921
Climate Change Could Force 200 Million People to Move by 2050 - 0921
Drought Has Farmworkers Dreaming of Escape from California’s Central Valley 0921
Climate Change Is Already Rejiggering Where Americans Live 0921
Climate Change Is Bankrupting America’s Small Towns 0921 - Rebuild or relocate? Some of each, for shrinking towns, with lots of rotting abandoned structures.
Weather, Climate Disasters Surge 5-fold in 50 Years 0921
Americans Are Moving to Parts of the US That Are Getting Dangerously Hot 0821 - The observed migration is the reverse driection of what makes sense from a climate perspective.
A Carbon Calculation - How Many Deaths Do Emissions Cause? 0721 - take 2. See take 1 above in “Broad Impacts” section.
Stuck in the Smoke, Even the Ultra-Rich 0721
Climate Crisis Will Create 2 Classes - Those Who Can Flee, and Those Who Can’t 0721
Climate Change a Major Factor in Migration Increase at U.S. Southern Border 0421
More than 10 Million People Displaced by Climate Disasters in 6 Months 0321
Climate Change Driving Increased Migration from Central America 0221
Climate Change Contributed to More than 70 Disasters in Nature since 2015 - 0121
Is Pakistan Prepared to Deal with Climate Migration? 0121
Climate Change Devastates Central American Coffee Farms, Spurring Migration 1220
Climate Change Could Create 63 Million Migrants in South Asia by 2050 - 1220
Climate Change, Migration and Urbanization Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa 1120
2020 Has Seen a Record Number of $1+ Billion Climate Disasters 1020
Wildfire-Weary Californians, Tired of This Being Normal, May Uproot Their Lives 0920
How Climate Migration Will Reshape America 0920
Climate Crisis Could Displace 1.2 Billion People by 2050 - 0920
Future of the Human Climate Niche Portends Moving 1/3 of Humans to Cooler Areas 0620
Millions More Americans Will Face Climate Disasters with Warming 0520
Extreme Weather Disasters and Wars Displace Millions 0420
Natural Disasters Could Cost 20% More by 2040 due to Climate Change 0220
When Climate Change Drove All the Men Away 0220
Climate Change Forces 1 Person from Their Home Every 2 Seconds 1219
Floods Predicted to Uproot 50 Million People a Year as Climate Heats Up 1219
Flight to the Future, in Somaliland 0919 - worsening droughts mean most farm country will no longer support crops. Farmers flee to cities and out of country.
Extreme Weather Displaced a Record 7 Million in 1st Half of 2019 - 0919
Rising Sea Levels, Catastrophic Storm Surges Could Displace 280 Million People 0819
Scientists Have Been Underestimating the Pace of Climate Change 0819
‘People Are Dying’ - How the Climate Crisis Has Sparked an Exodus to the US 0719
One Climate Crisis Disaster Happening per Week, UN Warns 0719
Jay Inslee Calls for Accepting ‘Historic Levels’ of Refugees amid Climate Crisis 0519
How Climate Change Is Fueling a Migration Crisis in Bangladesh 0519
A Climate Migration Crisis Is Escalating in Bangladesh 0319
Retirees Flee Florida, as Climate Change Threatens Their Financial Future 0319
Climate Change Is ‘Cause of Most Under-Reported Humanitarian Crises’ 0219
Climate Change Is Key Part of Understanding Migration, GAO Tells Administration 0119
Will Grim News on Climate Change Lead to Mass Migration and Conflict? 1018
America’s Era of Climate Mass Migration to Higher Ground Is Here 0918 - US will have 13 million refugees from south Florida. The economies of the Southern states, plus parts of the West, will suffer disproportionately as temperatures rise. The poorest 1/3 of counties are expected to lose up to 20% of their income, unless greenhouse gas emissions are severely curtailed. Sea level rise and plain heat, plus crop failure, will be factors in the internal US migrations to come.
What Will Climate Change Do to the U.S.-Mexico Border? 0918 - For example, desertification of much of Honduras drives emigration to the US. Discussion of development of fortress state along southern US border.
A Warming World Creates Desperate People 0618
Climate Change Sparked U.S. Border Migration Crisis 0618
Conflict, Climate Change Choke Efforts to Cure Poverty, Inequality - UN 0618
World Wakes Up to Climate Migration 0618
Study Hikes Puerto Rico's Hurricane Maria Death Toll to 4,645 - 0518
Welcome to the Age of Climate Migration 0218
Heat Waves - Climate Change and Immigration 0218
How Climate Change Is Triggering a Migrant Crisis in Vietnam 0118
Study Finds that Global Warming Exacerbates Refugee Crises 0118
How Climate Change Could Drive Immigration to the USA from Mexico 1217
Climate Change Will Make Europe’s Migrant Crisis Even Worse 1217
Faced with Rising Temperatures, People May Seek Asylum 1217
Climate Change Encouraged 19th Century Migration to America 1117
Climate Change ‘Will Create World's Biggest Refugee Crisis' 1117
Puerto Ricans Could Be Newest U.S. ‘Climate Refugees' 0917
Floods in India, Bangladesh and Nepal Kill 1,200, Leaving Millions Homeless 0817
Harvey’s Incredible Rains in Southeast Texas; Flood Emergency in Houston 0817
A Texas Newsroom Predicted a Disaster. Now It’s Close to Coming True. 0817
Climate Migrants Might Reach 1 Billion by 2050 - 0817
Governments Aren't Ready for Refugees Being Displaced by Rising Seas 0817
Floods, Reef Loss and Migration - Asia's Future on a Hotter Planet 0717
Worsening Hunger Crises Stoke Global Migration 0517
World Must Aid Famine-Threatened Nigeria to Avoid ‘Mass Exodus' 0417
Australia Could Be Set to Receive New Wave of Climate Refugees 0417
Climate Change May Drive More Migration in Future, Europeans Say 0317
As Famine Looms In Somalia, Families without Food or Water Are Leaving Their Land 0217
How Climate Change Threatens Famed Amalfi Coast 0117
Heat, Hunger and War Force Africans Onto a ‘Road on Fire’ 1216
Climate Change Will Stir ‘Unimaginable' Refugee Crisis, Says Military 1216
Climate Change Is Already Destabilizing Communities Worldwide 0916
Climate Change Could Force Huge Migrations of People and Animals Living near the Equator 0616
Suitable climates move outside the current tropics, which is 23° of latitude from the equator. Long journeys.
Louisiana Tribe Officially Becomes America's First Climate Refugees 0216
125-Year Mini Ice Age Linked to the Plague and Fall of Empires 0216
Winston, Southern Hemisphere’s Strongest Storm on Record, Punishes Fiji 0216
Paris Climate Deal Could ‘Displace Millions of Forest Dwellers' 0216
Climate Change Disaster Is Biggest Threat to Global Economy in 2016 - Experts 0116
Half Million Die in Decade of Disasters in Asia Pacific 1015
European Migrant Crisis Is A Nightmare. Climate Crisis Will Make It Worse. 0915
Fleeing Drought, Climate Migrants Press Zimbabwe's Fertile East 0815
Natural Disasters Forced 20 Million from Their Homes in 2014 - 0715
Pakistan Heat Wave - Death Toll over 800 in Sindh 0615
Disasters Impact Humans as Much as Tuberculosis Does – UN 0315
Climate Change Pushes India's Poorest Children into Slavery 0215
Pakistan's Coastal Villagers Retreat as Seas Gobble Land 0115
Rising Seas Could Make Florida Residents ‘Climate Refugees' Before 2100 - 1214
Typhoon-Hammered Philippines in ‘Fight for Our Survival' 1214
Should Canada Have a Plan for Climate Refugees? 1114
Trapped Populations – Hostages of Climate Change 1114
Climate-Driven Migration Increasing Disease Burden in Ethiopia 1114
Floods, Storms and Quakes Uproot 22 Million in 2013, Numbers to Rise 0914
NAS Panel Warns of Abrupt Bad-Dream Scenarios 1213
Whole World at Risk from Simultaneous Droughts, Famines, Epidemics 1213
When Poverty Quietly Morphs into Catastrophe 1013
Cyclone Forces 550,000 to Shelters in India 1013
Heat Wave and Wildfires Worsened Colorado Flooding 0913
Sahel Region Set for Rise in Climate Refugees 0813
India Floods - Rescue Efforts Intensify, as Death Toll Rises 0613
Indian Assam's Climate-Change Refugees Flee Rising Monsoon Flooding 0613
Climate Change May Be Making Children Sick 0613 - from Pakistan
Ebb and Flow in Bangladesh 0513
Biggest Natural Disasters of 2012 - 0513
Climate Change Will Make Hundreds of Millions Homeless 0513
Climate-Driven Disasters Cost Victorians (Australia) $4 Billion 0313
Climate Change Forcing Thousands in Bangladesh into Dhaka Slums 0213
Bangladesh Faces Mass Migration, Land Loss 0213
US Hit with 90% of World Climate Disaster Losses in 2012 - 0113
2012 May Rank as 2nd Most Disastrous Year for US 1112
Climate Change Footprint in Disaster Loss Trends 1012 - by Munich Re-Insurance
Kiribati Island People to Relocate to Fiji 0312
Warming Pushes Mexicans into US 0710
150 Million Climate Refugees by 2050 1109
Climate Disruptions to Swamp Aid Efforts in 7 Years 0409 - Oxfam
Disasters Up 4 x in 20 Years 1207 - but earthquakes & volcanoes unchanged
Climate Refugees May Top 1 Billion 1107 - Christian Aid
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Costs 2. .Conflicts Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Refugees+.
Deaths
Scorching Heat Caused Deaths to Double at Busiest US-Mexico Border Route 1023
Heat Deaths Surge in Hottest US City, as AZ Governor Declares Heat Emergency 0823
Old People Burn to Death in Their Home as Mediterranean Wildfire Toll Mounts 0723
Nearly 62,000 People Died from Europe’s 2022 Record-Breaking Heat 0723
Warmer World Risks Extra 9 Million Deaths Annually – WHO 0523
Europe’s Hottest Summer Led to over 23,000 Excess Deaths 1122
Global Pollinator Losses Causing 500,000 Early Human Deaths a Year 0123
Phoenix Could See Deadliest Year for Heat Deaths, after Sweltering Summer 1022
Prolonged Drought Brings Famine, Death and Fear to Somalia 1022
Dozens Killed in Monsoon Flash Floods in Northern India 0822 - in Himalayas northwest of Nepal
Climate Change Is Killing People and Taking Trillions of Dollars 0722
Deaths, Costs of Climate-Linked Disasters May Be Grossly Undercounted 0622
A Project to Count Climate Crisis Deaths Has Surprising Results 0122
A Carbon Calculation - How Many Deaths Do Emissions Cause? 0721
Extreme Heat Is Killing People in Arizona’s Mobile Homes 0721
Historic Pacific Northwest Heat Wave Has Killed 100s in US, Canada in a Week 0721
100s of Deaths across Canada, Pacific Northwest, amid Unrelenting Heat Wave 0721
Potentially Fatal Combinations of Humidity and Heat Emerging across the Globe 0520 Focus on wet-bulb temperatures, with 35°C or hotter bringing death soon. For details and interactive world map, see "Too Hot & Humid" section of my Bio-Impacts webpage.
Yes, the Climate Crisis May Wipe out 6 Billion People 0919 - "As much as a decade ago, a climate symposium organized to discuss the implications of a 4°C warmer world concluded, 'Less than a billion people will survive.' Here Schellnhuber is quoted as saying: 'At 4[°]C Earth’s... carrying capacity estimates are below 1 billion people.' His words were echoed by professor Kevin Anderson of the U.K.’s Tyndall Centre for Climate Change: 'Only about 10% of the planet’s population would survive at 4 C.”’"
Record 2019 Heat Wave Linked to Climate Change Killed 1,500 People in France 0919
Climate Crisis Already Causing Deaths and Childhood Stunting 0719
Lost Cities and Climate Change 0719 - Cahokia, Huns, 14th century Europe, late Roman empire
Climate Change Causing Premature Deaths in Europe 0619
Climate Change Is Aggravating the Suffering in Yemen 1118
Climate Change Could Double Deaths from Wildfire Smoke 0918
Hurricane Maria’s Death Toll in Puerto Rico Rises to 2,975 - 0818
Adding Up the Cost of Climate Change in Lost Lives 0818
Rising Temperatures Linked to Increased Suicide Rates 0718
Many Killed in Forest Fires near Athens 0718
Study Hikes Puerto Rico's Hurricane Maria Death Toll to 4,645 - 0518
Tougher Climate Policies Could Save a Stunning 150 Million Lives 0318
Weather Disasters to Impact 2 out of 3 Europeans by 2100, Study Says 0817
152,000 [heat] deaths a year from weather disasters in Europe by 2100, versus 3,000 a year from 1981 to 2010.
Suicides of Nearly 60,000 Indian Farmers Linked to Climate Change 0717
Food Scarcity due to Climate Change Could Cause 500,000 Deaths by 2050 - 0316
Half Million Die in Decade of Disasters in Asia Pacific 1015
How Climate Change Might Kill People 0715
More deaths from heat outnumber fewer deaths from cold. Increased temperature variability increases mortality.
Pakistan Heat Wave - Death Toll over 800 in Sindh 0615
Heat Wave in Pakistan's Sindh Province Leaves 120 Dead 0615
The Deadly Combination of Heat and Humidity 0615
The estimates above are from WHO, via John Holdren (see Overviews page).
The estmates at left (a decade later) are from from DARA, November 2012, available above under Costs. 400,000 climate-related deaths in 2010 and 632,000 climate-related deaths in 2030.
Heat Wave in Pakistan's Sindh Province Leaves 120 Dead 0615
Crop-Loss Farmers Sell Their Children to Survive 0515 - farmer suicides too, from crop failures caused by drought
Extreme Heat a ‘Silent’ Killer 0414
Air Pollution Linked to 7 Million (11% of) Deaths a Year Globally 0314
Global Warming Could Kill Thousands of Australians - IPCC 1013
Air Pollution Likely to Kill More and Shorten Lives, as Climate Warms 0913 - take 1 on study
Air Pollution Worsened by Climate Change Will Be Potent Killer This Century 0913 - take 2 on study
Heat Waves Are the Deadliest Extreme Weather Event - CDC 0813
Neighborhoods (US Zip Codes) Tied to Heat-Related Deaths 0713
NW India Floods - More Than 5,700 People Presumed Dead 0713
Heat Waves Are More Deadly For Poor, Minorities 0613 - They cannot afford air conditioning, etc.
Heat Deaths in Manhattan to Rise 0513
10 Nations Where Climate Change Kills the Most People 1212
India Lost the Most People to Climate Change 1208
GO TO .Broad Impacts. .Costs 1. .Costs 2. .Conflicts Summary. .Conflcts 2. .Refugees+.